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Bottled Water Makes a
Splash
by Michele Simon
By definition, water is
classified as "bottled water" or "drinking water" if it
meets all federal and state standards, is sealed in a
sanitary container and is sold for human consumption.
Bottled water can't contain sweeteners or chemical additives
other than flavors, extracts or essences, and must be
calorie-free and sugar-free; it may be sodium-free or
contain very low amounts of sodium.
Bottled water mainly
originates from protected sources (75 percent from
underground aquifers and springs) while tap water tends to
come from rivers and lakes - many of which have failed to
meet water standards set by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), according to the International
Bottled Water Association (IBWA).
Taste is another major
difference between bottled water and tap water. Tap water is
usually disinfected with chlorine, which creates an
aftertaste; but bottled water is often processed with ozone
- a form of supercharged oxygen - and/or ultraviolet light,
which leave no taste or chemical trace.
Reading the Labels
It seems that all water is
not created equal. And bottled water has such a wide variety
of labels that it's hard to decipher what it all means. You
can get a jumpstart on understanding bottled-water lingo
with these definitions provided by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA):
Artesian Water/Artesian
Well Water: Bottled water from a well that taps a confined
aquifer (a water-bearing underground layer of rock or sand),
in which the water level stands at some height above the top
of the aquifer.
Mineral Water: Bottled
water containing not less than 250 parts per million total
dissolved solids. Mineral water is distinguished from other
types of bottled water by its constant level and relative
proportions of mineral and trace elements. No minerals can
be added.
Purified Water: Water that
has been produced by distillation, deionization, reverse
osmosis or other process that meets the definition of
purified water. Other suitable product names for bottled
water treated by their respective processes may include
"distilled water," "deionized water" or "reverse osmosis
water."
Spring Water: Bottled
water derived from an underground formation from which water
flows naturally to the surface of the earth. Spring water
must be collected only at the spring or through a bore hole
tapping the underground formation finding the spring.
Well Water: Bottled water
from a hole bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in the
ground which taps the water of an aquifer.
Is Bottled Water Really
Better Than Tap Water?
The FDA regulates the
quality of bottled water, while the public perception of its
purity is largely driven by advertisements and packaging
labels featuring pristine glaciers and crystal-clear
mountain springs. However, in 1999, the Natural Resources
Defense Council (NRDC) released results of a four-year study
that raised some questions about the safety and purity of
bottled water. The NRDC study included testing of more than
1,000 bottles of 103 brands of bottled water. While most of
the tested waters were found to be of high quality, about
one-third of those tested contained levels of contamination
- including synthetic organic chemicals, bacteria and even
arsenic.
The FDA intervened after
these test results were revealed, but NRDC concluded that
bottled water should be subjected to more rigorous testing
in order to meet consumer needs. Fortunately, the majority
of bottled waters have been deemed safe, and groups such as
IBWA continue to lobby for additional regulations.
What's Next On the Horizon
for Bottled Water?
Plenty. As if the range of
choices among bottled waters weren't enough, manufacturers
are now working overtime to bring you so-called,
"value-added" waters - water chock-full of herbs and
nutrients, including calcium and even soy protein.
This trend toward
"nutritional" water is yet another example of manufacture
response to consumers' growing demand for convenient health
products. For instance, Water Concepts has created a new
category of waters called Smart Waters, which are fortified
with herbal mineral supplements. Then there's Energy Brands'
line of Glaceau Soywater (enhanced with soy protein, soy
isoflavones, and vitamins A, C and E) and Vitamin Water,
which comes in six varieties of vitamin combinations. Plus,
if you're concerned you aren't getting enough calcium, you
can try Calcium Springs Water.
Given the combination of
insatiable public demand and manufacturer creativity, we're
likely to see more nutrient waters in the future. Will the
days of drinking plain old tap water soon be a fading
memory? Maybe so. There appears to be no end in sight for
the bottled water craze.
Author Michele Simon is a
lawyer with a master's degree in public health as well as a
freelance writer specializing in food policy. She lives in
Oakland, California.
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